Data from 500 death certificates of Washtenaw County residents reveal that causes of death in the late 19th century differ drastically from today. They also suggest a frightening vulnerability to disease without recourse to medicines or, sometimes, competant doctors. When the afflictions are sorted and ranked, the top 10 causes of death emerge.
1. Consumption (Tuberculosis)Consumption is by far the most common cause of death for late 19th-century local residents, accounting for a staggering 15% of all deaths. Once recognized by Hippocrates as the most prevalent disease in his day, TB had a 40% mortality rate. The respiratory disease was so widely feared that when German doctor Robert Koch isolated the bacterium responsible for the disease, he won a 1905 Nobel Prize. In local death records, TB strikes all age groups from late teens to age 75 equally, with the striking exception of many children. Tragically, probably almost none of these victims, or their caregivers, knew that the disease was contagious. But they all probably did know at least one Ypsi friend, neighbor, or family member who died from the disease. Henry David Thoreau died from TB in 1862 at age 44.
2. Scarlet Fever/ScarletinaAlthough TB did not seem to cause many local childrens' death, scarlet fever preyed on local children exclusively: all of its victims were between the ages of 1 and 14, with only one older death at age 60. Named for the red body and facial rash and the "strawberry tongue" it creates, the disease is caused by a strep bacterium and today treated with antibiotics--a scarlet fever vaccine wasn't discovered until the 1920s. Helen Keller, who had perfect sight and hearing at birth, lost both to scarlet fever in 1881, before age 2.
3. Heart DiseaseOne local teen death from heart disease is listed in local records, but most of the victims were in their 30s through their 80s, with the majority in their 60s and 70s. Given the primitive nature of 19th-century diagnostic tools, one wonders if the term refers not to disease but to actual heart attacks.
4. Inflammation of the LungsThis is one of those slippery 19th-century medical terms that seems much more like a symptom than an identifiable disease. It would seem to be a symptom of many common 19th-century diseases, does it not--pleurisy, pneumonia, whooping cough? This diagnosis suggests the limits of the age's medical knowledge.
5. Typhoid FeverThis is a nasty one, spread by food or water contaminated by feces and common in the days when people often had sewers directly under their houses or wells and yard privies not too far separate. It can also be spread by asymptomatic carriers. Untreated with modern antibiotics, it has a mortality rate of 10-30%. The prevalence of this disease suggests a level of hygiene and sanitation far lower than today.
6. DropsyDropsy is another 19th-century term that refers to a symptom, not a disease. It refers to edema, or a swelling of accumulated fluid in some part of the body. It's hard to pinpoint which body part was affected unless the coroner included such terms as "dropsy of the brain," which might refer to encephalitis. In the county records, there are mentions of plain dropsy, "dropsy of the brain" and "dropsy of the heart," the latter of which might be rheumatic heart disease or congestive heart failure.
7. Cholera Infantum/Summer ComplaintThis deadly bacterial disease of hot, moist months struck the tiniest children. All of its local victims were under 2 years old. The gastrointestinal disease which could spike fevers up to 104 degrees, was often fatal in 24 hours. Pepto Bismol was originally concocted in the early 20th century as a medicine--it was originally called Mixture Cholera Infantum. The early ad at left touts Pepto-Bismol as "An Ideal Mixture for Cholera Infantum and Summer Complaint."
8. ParalysisNow, Dusty D has noticed the prevalence of this unusual cause of death before, and as a nonmedical person, I've developed a theory. Paralysis is a side effect of botulism poisoning. I wonder if all these deaths from paralysis were from the effects of undiagnosed botulism poisoning from improperly home-canned food. Likely nearly every home in Ypsi and the Township had home-canned food in it--and it's darn hard to do it right even with modern equipment. Also, the "open kettle" canning technique was common back then, which is no longer recommended, as it is too dangerous and unsanitary. But it wasn't until the early 20th century that people began to warn home canners about the danger of "open kettle"-canned foods. How widespread was undiagnosed botulism in Ypsilanti?
9. DysenteryAnother digestive system illness, dysentery seems to have struck local victims only from either end of the age spectrum. It also affects victims at either end of their bodies, in a manner better imagined than described. Usually fatal if untreated, it can be spread via contact with public toilets combined with lack of hand-washing.
10. Inflammation of BowelsThis is yet another hazy diagnosis that sounds more like a symptom than a disease. Could it have been appendicitis? Or perhaps it was just another permutation of the gastrointestinal diseases that plagued former residents. Or a misdiagnosis of a different digestive disease--maybe even a euphemism.
Local late-19th-century residents bore much in their everyday lives that now are just half-forgotten medical terms. Without antibiotics, many surgical procedures, or much understanding of contagion, they were targets for terrible diseases.
But many led long and healthy lives. Aside from these top 10 diseases, the second leading cause of death was simply...old age.
Anticipating by decades the exemplary efforts of Ypsilanti's Growing Hope and the community gardens in Recreation Park and Frog Island, during the Depression, Ypsilanti bloomed.
